Development and Technical Analysis of Thermal Channel Curtain Walls
Integrating energy efficient curtain walls with advanced building technologies is critical. The goal is to minimize energy use while ensuring occupant comfort, where double skin facades play a vital role. This unique structure adds an outer glass layer to a traditional curtain wall.
Ventilation devices regulate airflow in the cavity, enabling natural ventilation through operable windows. Shading systems within the cavity mitigate climatic impacts without compromising aesthetics.
Double-skin facades contribute to energy conservation by:
- Harnessing solar energy
- Providing shading
- Utilizing air dynamics (drawing in warm air in winter and night-cooled air in summer).
The thermal performance of glass curtain walls is influenced by solar radiation and temperature differentials between indoor and outdoor environments. Analyzing energy savings requires evaluating heat transfer mechanisms, including solar radiation and conductive/convective heat exchange.
1. Heat Transfer in Single-Layer Glass Curtain Walls
A. **Without Solar Radiation**: Heat transfers from warmer indoor air to the glass inner surface via convection and radiation. Heat then conducts through the glass to the outer surface, dissipating to cooler outdoor air. The reverse occurs when outdoor temperatures exceed indoor temperatures.
B. **With Solar Radiation**: In summer, outdoor heat and solar radiation penetrate inward. A portion of solar energy is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the glass. In winter, solar radiation aids indoor heating while indoor heat still escapes outward.
2. Heat Transfer in Double-Skin Glass Curtain Walls
Field Measurements and Case Studies
Tests by the Shenzhen Academy of Building Research and Shenzhen Sanxin Company compared single-layer transparent glass, solar-control coated glass, and double-skin glass (450mm cavity). Results showed that the cavity itself contributes little to reducing solar heat gain—inner glass transmittance is the dominant factor. Projects like Beijing’s Wangzuo Center and Shenzhen TV Station highlight the necessity of cavity-integrated shading systems to block summer radiation.
Shading devices within the cavity reflect most solar heat into the cavity, raising its temperature. For instance, evaluations at the Shanghai Tobacco Technology Center showed cavity temperatures exceeding outdoor levels by 10.6–18°C depending on shading reflectance. However, shading effects should not be solely attributed to double-skin systems, as single-layer facades can also employ external shading.
Economic and Regional Considerations
Double Skin facades incur higher costs (e.g., a Zhejiang office building spent ¥8.4 million extra for 7,000 m² of double-skin facade). At ¥0.42/kWh, this premium equates to 20 years of air conditioning electricity. Professor Zhao Xi’an emphasizes cost-benefit analyses, including ROI and interest rates, to evaluate feasibility. Regional climate (severe cold, cold, hot summer/cold winter, etc.) dictates performance:
Hot climates: Prioritize reducing solar gain and cavity heat buildup.
Cold climates: Maximize solar gain while minimizing conductive losses.
Indoor Air Quality and Advanced Applications
Beyond energy savings, double-skin facades improve indoor air quality (IAQ) by filtering pollutants. The *Indoor Air Quality Standard* (GB/T 188832002) mandates limits for PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, etc. In Shanghai, PM₂.₅ levels often exceed international standards, necessitating advanced filtration.
The Shanghai Tobacco Technology Center’s "eco-friendly" double-skin facade integrates:
- Electrostatic insect screens (trapping PM₂.₅–PM₁₀).
- HBW air-purifying particles (reducing SO₂/NO₂ by 20%).
- Streamlined cavity designs to minimize dust accumulation.
Construction and Maintenance Requirements
- Structural integrity: Connections must withstand gravity, seismic, and wind loads.
- Clean construction protocols: Ensure cavity cleanliness during fabrication, transport, and installation.
- Specialized transport racks to prevent component deformation.
This innovative approach positions double-skin facades as multifunctional systems balancing energy efficiency, IAQ, and architectural aesthetics. Their success hinges on meticulous regional adaptation and lifecycle cost analysis.
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